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New meta-analyses, RCTs and systematic reviews that we monitor daily in PubMed. Independently indexed, not editorially curated.
Pharmacological research · 2025
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular health outcomes. A comprehensive search of EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to August 2024. Study quality and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tools, respectively. Eighty-two studies, including 79 quantitative and 3 qualitative studies published between 2008 and 2024, involving 5026 participants with interventions ranging from 1 to 48 weeks and doses varying from 200 to 4600 mg/day, were included. N. sativa supplementation significantly improved body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), waist circumference (WC), weight, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), quick insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), atherogenic index (AI), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C ratio, TC, triglycerides (TG), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urea, catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Our findings suggest that N. sativa could be a promising adjunct therapy for improving cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
Journal of long-term effects of medical implants · 2025
Dental implants offer a reliable solution for tooth replacement, but peri-implant diseases, especially peri-implantitis, jeopardize long-term success by causing inflammation and bone loss. Mechanical debridement is the primary treatment, though its effectiveness is limited by the complex implant surface. Adjunct therapies, particularly natural bioactive compounds, like thymoquinone from Nigella sativa, have shown promise in improving treatment outcomes due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of locally applied thymoquinone gel combined with mechanical debridement in treating peri-implantitis. This prospective study included 40 participants with peri-implantitis, randomized into two groups. Group 1 received mechanical debridement alone, while Group 2 received debridement with 0.2% thymoquinone gel. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), peri-implant probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were measured at baseline and after 3 months. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and independent t-tests. At the 3-month follow-up, Group 2 showed significantly better outcomes in PI (0.50 ± 0.20), GI (0.62 ± 0.11), PPD (3.02 ± 0.14 mm), and CAL (3.17 ± 0.31 mm) compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05). Thymoquinone gel as an adjunct to mechanical debridement significantly improves peri-implantitis management, offering a promising therapeutic option. Further studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness.
Inflammopharmacology · 2025
Research demonstrates that Nigella sativa (N. sativa) and its principal constituents, including thymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, and α-hederin, possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the preclinical evidence of N. sativa in an animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. An investigation into the role of N. sativa and its constituents in an animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma was conducted, covering the period from the beginning until July 2025, utilizing the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the 15-point CAMARADES checklist. Data analysis was performed using STATA software. A total of eighteen studies encompassing 502 animals, with 251 assigned to the intervention group and 251 to the ovalbumin-induced group, were subjected to analysis. The findings from the meta-analysis indicated that N. sativa and its constituents significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17. Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in immunoglobulin E (IgE) following the intervention with N. sativa and its active components. However, the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) remained unchanged as a result of the intervention with N. sativa and its active ingredients. Based on current meta-analysis results, N. sativa and its constituents may have the potential to modulate the asthma model induced by ovalbumin through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct further clinical trials to assess the efficacy of N. sativa in patients diagnosed with asthma.
European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025
Due to strong suggestions about natural compounds, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of propolis and Nigella sativa nanoemulsion (NEPNS) and its effect for direct pulp capping of primary teeth. After preparing the NEPS extract, the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity test was performed. Then amongst children referred to the paediatric department, those whose healthy canines had to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were chose. Subsequent to pulpotomy of both canines, NEPNS were placed on one side and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) on the other as pulp capping. Finally, after 30 days, the teeth were extracted and a blind pathologist examined the histopathology sections of the samples. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, and Fisher exact test (α = 0.05). Cytotoxicity test showed that cell viability exposed to 25 and 50 ppm of NEPNS were similar to the control group in 24 and 48 h. The histopathology showed that there was no significant difference between two groups in dentin bridge formation, pre-dentin production, foreign body reaction, and presence of dentin chips (P = 0.0242, 0.567, 0.098, and 0.999 respectively). Meanwhile, the inflammation was significantly lower (P = 0.0313) and odontoblastic differentiation was significantly higher in the CEM group (P = 0.015). Incorporating NEPNS for direct pulp capping of primary teeth leads to mild inflammation comparing to CEM, but dentine bridge formation and developing pre-dentin was similar to the control group after 30 days. This prospective study was registered at the national clinical trials registry virtual platform as IRCT20230312057689N1 on 2 April 2023.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026
Urolithiasis, a disease of kidney stones, is a prevalent and recurrent condition characterized by the formation of hard mineral deposits in the urinary tract, leading to significant morbidity and a substantial healthcare burden worldwide. With recurrence rates ranging from 30 to 50% and a lifetime prevalence of 9-12% in industrialized populations, effective prevention and management strategies are crucial. Traditional approaches to urolithiasis, including pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, emphasize medical interventions and lifestyle changes; however, the persistent recurrence and impact on quality of life underscore the necessity for more comprehensive solutions. Recent advancements have focused on the potential of nutraceuticals, including herbal extracts, vitamins, and minerals, as adjuncts in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. These agents may exert beneficial effects by inhibiting stone crystal formation, modulating urinary pH, reducing urinary calcium and oxalate excretion, enhancing diuresis, and supporting overall renal function. Moreover, these plant-based therapies may help alleviate symptoms such as pain and inflammation related to stone episodes. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 14 randomized controlled trials to assess the therapeutic impact and safety profile of various herbal interventions in patients with diagnosed kidney or ureteral stones. Thus, evidence from these recent clinical trials has increasingly supported the efficacy of single-herb and polyherbal formulations, such as Nigella sativa, Alhagi maurorum, Subap Plus, and Palasha Kshara, in modulating urinary risk factors and promoting stone expulsion. For instance, these trials demonstrated promising outcomes for several herbs: Portulaca oleracea significantly increased urinary citrate and reduced calcium, Traditional Persian Medicine-based Mofatet powder markedly reduced stone size and improved urinary parameters, Alhagi maurorum distillates and extracts showed comparable efficacy to hydrochlorothiazide in stone expulsion, and Nigella sativa performed as well as or better than tamsulosin in both pain relief and stone passage. Additional polyherbal remedies, such as Subap Plus, Palasha Kshara, and BNO 1040 extract, also yielded favourable results in improving stone clearance, easing symptoms, and potentially preventing recurrence. Notably, most studies reported good short-term tolerability and minimal adverse effects. Despite these promising findings, limitations in sample size, standardization of formulations, lack of comprehensive adverse events reporting, and need for long-term follow-up highlight the necessity for further rigorous trials.
Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025
Understanding the emotional impact of menopause on women is of utmost importance, especially with the predictable estimate of 1.2 billion menopausal women globally by 2030. Depression, anxiety, and stress are common during menopause, and botanical medicines, particularly from Unani traditions, may offer effective, natural therapeutic options. This study combines systematic and scoping review methods to assess the clinical efficacy of botanical interventions and map the broader research landscape. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct and PROSPERO from 2000 to 2024, following both PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The scoping phase identified a wide range of botanicals and research trends, while the systematic review focused on randomized controlled trials evaluating efficacy. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used for methodological quality assessment. Network visualization and word cloud techniques were also employed to identify related terms from the prior studies included in the analysis. Sixteen RCTs involving 1,112 participants (mean age ±SD: 69.5 ± 21.88) were included. Most studies had a low risk of bias. Bioactive compounds such as withaferin A, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and thymoquinone demonstrated antidepressant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, GABAergic, and serotonergic mechanisms. Machine learning approaches showed potential for identifying compound interactions and personalizing treatment. Botanical medicines, especially from the Unani system, show promising efficacy in managing psychological symptoms during menopause. While current evidence is encouraging, further robust trials and mechanistic studies are needed. The integration of machine learning offers a novel direction for personalized phytotherapy. Identifier CRD42024514198.
BioMed research international · 2025
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) significantly affects women's quality of life, with fluctuations in estrogen levels implicated in symptom severity. Lower estrogen levels during the premenstrual phase may contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and fatigue. Nigella sativa (NS) has been examined as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for various diseases. Therefore, in the current experiment, we aimed to investigate the impact of NS on serum estradiol levels and the severity of PMS symptoms in women. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants with moderate to severe PMS were identified using a Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire and randomly allocated to the placebo or treatment groups. Two capsules were consumed once a day for two menstrual cycles, and the severity of symptoms in the participants was monitored daily during the intervention, employing the daily record of severity of problems (DRSP). At baseline, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in serum estradiol levels and total average PMS scores between the two groups. In comparison, after 2 months of NS supplement, serum estradiol concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and the total mean PMS scores were significantly reduced when compared with the placebo group. The outcomes of this study indicated the favorable effects of NS in reducing the severity of PMS. This could be achieved by increasing serum estradiol concentration in premenstrual women with PMS. Additionally, NS can provide anti-inflammatory and potential hormonal and antioxidant support, helping to reduce symptoms of PMS. Therefore, NS is an alternative or complementary method deserving further investigation based on scientific evidence to clarify its role in PMS treatment.
Journal of integrative and complementary medicine · 2026
This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) in the management of gingivitis. This triple-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20221212056786N2) was conducted at the Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Thirty-six patients aged 20-40 years with gingivitis were randomized in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomization to receive either 20% N. sativa mouthwash or 0.2% CHX mouthwash twice daily for 14 days. Participants, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI, primary outcome), bleeding index (BI), and staining index (SI), were recorded at baseline and after 14 days. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. All 36 participants completed the study. Both N. sativa and CHX mouthwashes significantly reduced PI (mean difference: N. sativa, 33.44 ± 0.72; CHX, 32.72 ± 1.37; p < 0.001 for both) and BI (mean difference: N. sativa, 19.44 ± 0.80; CHX, 19.98 ± 0.81; p < 0.001 for both) after 14 days compared with baseline. Between-group differences were not significant for PI (mean difference: -0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.94 to 0.50; p = 0.057) or BI (mean difference: -0.54; 95% CI: -1.10 to 0.02; p = 0.053). A statistically significant but clinically trivial increase in SI was observed in the N. sativa group (mean change: 0.78 ± 1.06; p = 0.006), but not in the CHX group (mean change: 0.44 ± 1.29; p = 0.163). No adverse events, such as taste alteration or mucosal irritation, were reported based on participant self-reports. N. sativa mouthwash showed similar efficacy to CHX in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation over 14 days, suggesting it may be a viable alternative for short-term gingivitis management. However, its potential for slight tooth staining warrants caution, and further studies are needed to assess long-term effects.
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026
Metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, are primary drivers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through the exacerbation of intermediate risk factors such as dysglycemia, hypertension, and central adiposity. Nigella sativa supplementation has been studied for its potential cardiometabolic benefits, but evidence from clinical trials remains inconsistent. In relation to this matter, a meta-analysis was undertaken to present a more precise evaluation of the effect of N. sativa supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic diseases. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the robustness of pooled estimates. Primary outcomes included obesity and glycemic indices, while blood pressure outcomes were considered secondary. Meta-analysis of 31 trials with 2145 participants revealed significant reductions in weight (WMD: -1.59 kg; 95% CI: -3.03 to -0.15), and BMI (WMD: -0.51 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.85 to -0.18), SBP (WMD = -3.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.44, -2.06), and DBP (WMD = -2.75 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.62, -0.89), FBS (WMD = -18.62 mg/dL; 95% CI: -23.30, -13.95), and HbA1c (WMD = -0.56; 95% CI: -0.79, -0.33) following N. sativa supplementation. Also, N. sativa had no effect on other indices such as WC, HC, WHR, HOMA-IR, and insulin. This meta-analysis suggests that N. sativa supplementation is associated with modest improvements in several cardiovascular risk factors. However, no significant effects were observed for measures of insulin resistance or central adiposity, and the findings should be interpreted cautiously given variability in study quality and outcomes. Further well-designed trials are needed to clarify its clinical relevance.
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026
Nutritional strategies are critical for optimizing soccer players' performance and body composition. Spirulina, a protein-rich plant-based supplement, and probiotics offer individual benefits. However, their combined effects remain underexplored. This study investigated the effects of co-supplementation with spirulina and probiotics on body composition, isokinetic, isometric strength, and performance metrics in male soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, forty soccer players were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo (PLA), probiotics (PRO), spirulina (SPI), and combined probiotics-spirulina (PRO + SPI). The PRO group received two probiotic capsules (a total dose of 4.5 × 1011 CFU) daily, with breakfast and dinner. The SPI group consumed two 1-g spirulina tablets twice daily (2 g total), with breakfast and dinner. The PRO + SPI group received both supplements in the same dosing regimen, while the PLA group consumed starch-based placebo capsules. Over eight weeks, participants followed identical training regimens. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body composition (weight, BMI, fat percentage, fat weight, muscle weight), performance metrics (vertical jump, agility, speed, anaerobic sprint tests), and isokinetic and isometric knee strength tests. Statistical analyses utilized repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The PRO + SPI group demonstrated more significant reductions in weight (P = 0.012) and fat weight (P = 0.001) compared to the PLA group, while the SPI group showed a significant reduction in fat percentage (P = 0.034). Agility scores improved significantly in the PRO + SPI group compared to the PLA (P = 0.001) and SPI (P = 0.004) groups. Isokinetic performance metrics, including average power during knee extension at 60°/s and 180°/s, improved significantly in the PRO + SPI group compared to the PLA group (P = 0.018 and P = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, the PRO and SPI groups outperformed the PLA group in isokinetic measures such as absolute peak torque at 60°/s (P = 0.032) and 180°/s (P = 0.006). Also, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) improved significantly in the PRO and SPI groups compared to the PLA group (P = 0.001 for both). From gut to skeletal muscle, spirulina, and probiotic co-supplementation significantly enhanced body composition, reduced weight and fat mass, and improved agility and isokinetic strength compared to placebo or individual supplementation. These results emphasize the synergistic potential of this nutritional strategy for optimizing athletic performance and recovery, warranting further investigation across diverse athletic populations.
Scientific reports · 2025
Spirulina platensis, a blue-green alga rich in nutritional value and the beneficial pigment phycocyanin, is a source of bioactive peptides with antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bioactive peptides extracted from spirulina on wound healing and inflammation after periodontal surgery. In this double-blind, split-mouth randomized controlled trial study, twenty patients with periodontitis were assigned to either an experimental group (receiving spirulina peptide gel) or a control group (receiving placebo). Before surgery, all patients underwent scaling and root planning to eliminate pre-existing plaque. The surgical procedure involved a modified Widman flap technique. Wound healing was assessed at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-surgery using parameters including soft tissue swelling, gingival color, probing depth, bleeding index, and plaque index. followed by a saline wash. Statistical analysis using SPSS 20 software employing non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis) were carried out. The spirulina group showed a significant reduction in plaque and bleeding indices at weeks 4 and 8, as well as less gingival redness and lower pain scores at week 1, compared to controls. In addition, the need for pain medication was significantly lower in the spirulina group. These findings indicate that spirulina bioactive peptide gel can significantly improve wound healing, reduce inflammation, and alleviate post-surgical pain in periodontal procedures. These findings suggest its potential as a valuable adjunct therapy in periodontal surgery, enhancing patient recovery and improving overall periodontal health. However considering the limitation of the study, further studies are warranted to confirm and generalize the results.
Current nutrition reports · 2025
Wrestling is a popular combat sport that requires muscular strength, power, agility, and endurance. Weight classes have motivated wrestlers to compete at a lower weight to optimise power-to-weight ratio and performance. To achieve these characteristics, athletes may use dietary supplements, however, their efficacy in wrestlers has not been systematically evaluated. The purpose was to systematically review the literature to determine the efficacy of dietary supplements to improve body composition, physiological status, and performance in wrestlers. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus on the 21st of January 2024 and updated on the 6th of January 2025. Studies were included if the participants were healthy wrestlers ingesting any type of dietary supplement in comparison to a control. Data associated with intervention type and characteristics, target populations, outcomes, and analysis methods were extracted. A total of 24 eligible original articles were included that assessed various supplementation strategies on body composition, exercise performance, and metabolic markers in wrestlers. Individual studies revealed significant effects of sodium citrate, creatine monohydrate, spirulina, green tea and oolong tea extracts, and branched-chain amino acids on body mass or composition. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB-FA), creatine monohydrate, and iron supplementation improved recovery and may improve exercise performance. Beet-root juice supplementation enhanced muscular strength and balance. BCAA supplementation produced mixed results on muscle damage biomarkers and performance, while sodium citrate, creatine, and spirulina can act as buffering agents. Thyme tea appears to improve antioxidant capacity. Overall, individual studies show some promise for several dietary supplements to alter body mass and body composition, improve exercise recovery and performance, delay fatigue, and modify serum biomarkers; nevertheless, effect sizes were often small, and results were often mixed.
Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effects of Spirulina supplementation, alone or combined with exercise, on body composition, lipid profiles, glycemic control, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory health in overweight and obese adults. It also examines the moderating roles of participant characteristics and intervention protocols. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from their inception to September 2024. Results were pooled using random-effects models and reported as Hedge's g (g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was explored through subgroup and regression analyses. Bias risk and evidence quality were assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twenty-three studies (1,035 participants) were included. Spirulina supplementation alone significantly reduced body weight (g = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.53 to -0.08), total cholesterol (g = -0.79, 95% CI: -1.18 to -0.41), triglycerides (g = -0.64, 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.28), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; g = -0.71, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.29), and diastolic blood pressure (g = -0.73, 95% CI: -1.43 to -0.03), while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; g = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.04 to 1.02). When combined with exercise, Spirulina further improved HDL-C (g = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.37 to 1.79) and LDL-C (g = -0.81, 95% CI: -1.59 to -0.04). Subgroup and regression analyses revealed that participant age, body mass index, health status, Spirulina form, dosage, and intervention duration influenced outcomes. Spirulina may serve as a valuable adjunctive therapy for overweight and obese individuals with metabolic disorders, reducing cardiovascular risk by improving lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body weight. Combining Spirulina with exercise enhances certain lipid outcomes. However, its overall impact on body composition and glycemic control appears limited. Further research is needed to confirm its long-term efficacy. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024573534, identifier CRD42024573534.
Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025
Edible algae contain bioactive compounds such as peptides, fucoidan, polyphenols, potassium, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants that may benefit cardiovascular health, particularly in lowering blood pressure (BP) regulation. Certain species, including Nori and Kelp, are also rich in inorganic nitrate, known for its BP-lowering effects. However, the relationship between algae consumption and hypertension remains controversial. This study evaluated the effects of edible algae on BP in humans, considering factors such as algae type, format, dosage, intervention duration, health status, and baseline BP. A systematic search of Medline-Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane databases was conducted through December 2024. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults (≥ 18 years), healthy or with a cardiometabolic condition, with interventions ≥ 4-weeks and BP outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted; heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using statistical tests and plots. Sensitivity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-nine RCTs encompassing 1583 participants were included. Edible algae intake significantly reduced systolic BP (SBP: -2.05 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.80, -0.31; p = 0.022) and diastolic BP (DBP: -1.87 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.10, -0.64; p = 0.001). Heterogeneity was high for SBP (Q-value: 230; I2 = 75%; p < 0.001) and moderate for DBP (Q-value: 102; I2 = 68%; p < 0.001). Spirulina was the most effective algae, reducing SBP by -5.28 mmHg (p = 0.032) and DBP by -3.56 mmHg (p = 0.044). Dosage of algae > 3 g/day significantly lowered SBP (-3.71 mmHg; p = 0.004) and DBP (-3.05 mmHg; p = 0.022). Whole algae intake showed greater effects than extracts. Benefits were more pronounced in individuals with cardiometabolic risk. Meta-regression found no independent association between algae dosage and SBP change, but baseline SBP significantly predicted both SBP and DBP reductions. Consuming over 3 g/day of whole edible algae, especially Spirulina, for at least 12 weeks significantly lowers BP, particularly in those with elevated levels. This suggests that edible microalgae may serve as a natural approach to managing hypertension, complementing pharmacological treatments.
Nutrition journal · 2025
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder marked by demyelination and axonal damage, where oxidative stress and cytokine-mediated inflammation are key pathological factors. Spirulina, a microalga rich in phycocyanin, phenolic compounds, and omega-3 fatty acids, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially targeting these pathways. This study investigated spirulina's impact on inflammatory biomarkers and quality of life in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. A triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 80 RRMS patients (EDSS 0-6) to receive 1 g/day spirulina (n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) for 12 weeks. Sixteen participants (20%) withdrew. Primary analysis followed the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle (N = 80) using baseline-observation-carried-forward for missing data. Serum IL-1β and IL-6 (primary outcomes) were measured by ELISA. Quality of life (MSQoL-54) and anthropometric measures were secondary outcomes. A linear mixed-effects model revealed that spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum IL-1β (Estimate = - 1.07 ± 0.14, p < 0.001) and IL-6 levels (Estimate = - 2.66 ± 0.26, p < 0.001) compared to placebo. Significant improvements were also observed in health perception (Estimate = - 0.49 ± 0.12, p < 0.001), physical function (-0.37 ± 0.11, p < 0.001), role limitation-physical (-0.36 ± 0.16, p = 0.030), energy (-0.64 ± 0.15, p < 0.001), and sexual function (-1.31 ± 0.29, p < 0.001). No significant effects were found for emotional wellbeing, health distress, social function, cognitive function, sexual satisfaction, overall quality of life, or total mental health. Anthropometric analysis showed a significant weight reduction in the spirulina group versus placebo (-2.85 ± 1.13 kg, p = 0.015), while BMI reduction was borderline significant (-0.78 ± 0.41, p = 0.060). No significant changes were observed in waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, energy intake, or physical activity. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced pro-inflammatory markers and improved multiple physical and cognitive quality of life domains in patients with RRMS. Spirulina shows promise as a safe adjunct therapy in MS management, but larger trials with longer follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings and explore its clinical utility alongside DMTs. The trial is registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (ID IRCT2024124060794N1), with registration completed on 4 February 2024. Informed consent will be secured from each participant or their legal guardian.
Complementary therapies in medicine · 2025
CVDs are considered the major public health concern and mortality in the world. Common treatments have some side effects and require low-risk treatments, such as herbal medicine. Spirulina is a filamentous microalga that has improved cardiometabolic parameters. Systematic searches were conducted in Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PubMed/Medline databases up to 20 January 2025 to identify RCTs based on the PRISMA checklist and PICOS criteria (People > 18 years, Intervention: spirulina, Comparison: placebo /control, Outcomes: TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, SBP, DBP, BMI, weight, hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and Study: RCTs). Meta- analysis was utilized by random-effects models, and the GRADE criteria ensured the certainty of results. The results of 35 trials (45 effect sizes) show that spirulina intake improved glucose homeostasis (FBG; WMD: -5.51 (mg/dl); P = 0.001, HOMA-IR; WMD: -0.68; P < 0.001, and insulin; WMD: -0.86 (ng/ml); P = 0.002), decreased dyslipidemia (TG; WMD: -14.75 (mg/dl); P < 0.001, TC: WMD: -11.5 (mg/dl); P < 0.001, LDL-C; WMD: -7.69 (mg/dl); P < 0.001, and HDL-C; WMD: 1.9 (mg/dl); P < 0.001), decreased blood pressure (SBP; WMD: -3.85 mmHg, P = 0.002, and DBP; WMD: -3.09 mmHg, P < 0.001), reduced anthropometric indexes (weight; WMD: -1.78 kg; P = 0.003, and BMI; WMD: -0.58 kg/m²; P = 0.001), and decreased inflammation (TNF-α; WMD: -0.46 pg/ml; P = 0.01, IL-6; WMD: -0.58 pg/ml; P < 0.001, and hs-CRP; WMD: -0.86 mg/L; P = 0.002). Based on GRADE analysis, LDL-C, FBG, and HbA1c had of low quality, while the outcome for weight was of high quality. Furthermore, other parameters had moderate-quality outcomes. This study demonstrates that spirulina supplementation effectively reduces the risk of CVD in adults by improving glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, anthropometric indexes, and inflammation. So, intake of spirulina is an adjunct or complementary to improve cardiometabolic profiles. PROSPERO registration cod: (CRD42024626090).
Nutrients · 2025
Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases, affecting up to 40% of adults and strongly associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Despite the lack of approved pharmacological treatments, dietary interventions with plant-based foods, including the Mediterranean diet (MED), rich in numerous bioactive compounds may offer benefits for metabolic health and hepatic function. However, the role of individual plant foods in MASLD management remains unclear. Objectives: This review investigates the effects of specific plant-based foods, consumed as part of the MED and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASHs) diet, on metabolic outcomes, including hepatic function, in MASLD patients alone or in combination with comorbidities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A systematic search was registered and conducted across nine databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) carried out in adults with MASLD and published between January 2020 and May 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Plant-based interventions including oranges, whole-grain products (WGPs), high-fiber buns (HFBs), beetroot juice (BJ), garlic, ginger, flaxseed, spirulina, rapeseed oil, sour tea, and green coffee extract (GCE) demonstrated mixed effects on metabolic and hepatic outcomes. GCE, flaxseed, and rapeseed oil improved anthropometric measures, while sour tea and ginger supported blood pressure control. WGPs, GCE, flaxseed, rapeseed oil, spirulina, ginger, and garlic were beneficial for glycemic regulation, whereas WGPs, HFBs, BJ, golden flaxseed, rapeseed oil, and garlic improved lipid profiles. Liver enzymes improved following consumption of WGPs, BJ, sour tea, flaxseed oil, and garlic, and hepatic steatosis was reduced after intake of oranges, WGPs, HFBs, BJ, flaxseed powder, rapeseed oil, and garlic powder. Conversely, a solely fruit-rich diet (FRD) had negative effects across all outcomes. Conclusions: Plant-based foods improved metabolic outcomes, with WGPs, HFBs, beetroot, oranges, sour tea, flaxseed oil, and garlic providing specific benefits for liver health. Further research is needed to validate these effects and ensure their safety in MASLD management.
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · 2026
There is an increasing number of published studies on the effect of spirulina (an aquatic plant known for its high nutritional value and potential health benefits) intervention on productivity and health of heat-stressed broilers. However, the effect of spirulina intervention on the performance of broilers exposed to heat stress is poorly understood. A better understanding of the productivity of heat-stressed broilers on spirulina intervention will assist in utilizing these data in decision-support systems in the poultry industry. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of spirulina intervention in enhancing production physiology and health indices of heat-stressed broilers using a meta-analysis approach. A detailed search performed on PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on the topic identified 865 publications following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirteen peer-reviewed studies comprising 4904 broilers exposed to heat stress conditions were used for meta-analysis. Raw mean differences (RMD) between the heat-stressed broilers with and without spirulina intervention were used to calculate the effect sizes. Heat-stressed broilers on spirulina intervention had their average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and average daily gain (ADG) enhanced by 3.39 g/bird/day (p = 0.002), -0.08 (p = 0.010), and 2.83 g/bird/day (p < 0.001), respectively when compared to those in control group. Restricted subgroup analysis showed that moderators (broiler strains, dose level of spirulina, and production phases) affected ADFI, FCR, and ADG in heat-stressed broilers on spirulina intervention. Dressing percentage (RMD = 1.60%; p < 0.001), and weights of breast, thigh, liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, and thymus were higher, but the abdominal fat weight was lower in response to spirulina intervention. Additionally, spirulina intervention increased the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood (WBC), total protein, albumin, and globulin, and decreased the levels of uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in broilers exposed to heat stress conditions. The results indicate significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) in broilers in comparison with controls. It can be concluded that spirulina intervention has the potential to improve growth performance, organ and carcass parameters, blood characteristics, immune functions, and antioxidative capacity of broilers exposed to heat-stress. These findings can be used by farmers, feed manufacturers, poultry nutritionists, and policymakers in decision-support systems to advance the use of spirulina in the poultry industry.
Nutrients · 2025
The impact of combining animal and plant protein sources on digestibility is unclear, despite their increasing clinical use. Using a non-invasive dual stable isotope tracer approach, we assessed the digestibility, bioavailability and utilization of distinct protein blends in older adults, and associated plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. Thirty-two older men (69 ± 3 y) consumed one of four protein blends (A (51:49, casein/soy); B and C (35:25:20:20, whey/casein/soy/pea); D (80:20, casein/whey)) alongside primed constant infusions of [1,2-13C2] leucine for 8 h. Arterialized blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected during a trickle feed protocol with all blends providing 20 g total protein, universally labeled 13C-spirulina, and 2H-cell free amino acid mix to determine digestibility. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID-NCT07038655). No differences (13C:2H ratios) were found in digestibility between the protein blends (p > 0.05). Mean (±SEM) fed state MPS at 2.5 h was 0.078 ± 0.009%/h, 0.075 ± 0.012%/h, 0.085 ± 0.007%/h and 0.065 ± 0.011%/h for drinks A, B, C and D, respectively, with a main time effect observed (p < 0.01), but no significant differences between drinks. Plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) increased significantly from baseline for all blends by 40 min (p < 0.05), with no differences between blends at any time point. These findings suggest that protein quantity (and/or leucine content), rather than composition, appears to be the most important factor driving MPS. Future work should focus on clinical populations where protein requirements and digestibility characteristics may differ.
Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025
Arthrospira platensis (Oscillatoriaceae) (AP): commonly known as Spirulina, is a widely cultivated cyanobacterium used as both a dietary supplement and a functional food. Growing evidence suggests potential therapeutic effects in smooth muscle-related disorders; however, critical evaluations of the available data remain scarce. This narrative review critically examines preclinical and clinical evidence on Arthrospira platensis and its bioactive metabolites in conditions involving smooth muscle dysfunction, highlighting methodological strengths and limitations, and outlining future research needs. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using predefined inclusion criteria, and only studies with validated taxonomy and experimental or clinical data were included. The GA-online Best Practice checklist and the Four Pillars of Best Practice in Ethnopharmacology guided the analysis. Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and smooth muscle-modulating effects of A. platensis extracts and metabolites, including phycocyanin and polysaccharides. Experimental models in vascular, intestinal, uterine, and airway tissues reveal improved contractility and reduced oxidative damage. Although limited, clinical evidence suggests benefits on metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Major limitations include the absence of standardized extract characterization, variable dosing, inconsistent controls, and the scarcity of randomized clinical trials. In conclusion, Arthrospira platensis shows promising pharmacological activities relevant to smooth muscle physiology, but current evidence remains largely preclinical and constrained by methodological weaknesses. Standardized extract characterization, rigorous experimental designs, and adequately powered clinical trials are essential to confirm its therapeutic potential.